Both Workplace deviance (WD) and organizational citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) are noted as being Discretionary Behaviors that are rooted in social exchange and responses to the environment. This study aims to investigate the mediation role of justice sensitivity between communication satisfaction and Discretionary Workplace Behaviors. The statistical population consisted of 650 employees of Guilan Technical & Vocational Training Organization, and the optimal sample was determined by Cochran's formula to be 271. Questionnaires were distributed among the employees using the stratified random sampling method and statistical data were processed using SPSS 19 and Smart PLS 2. The results revealed that communication satisfaction has a positive effect on justice sensitivity, and justice sensitivity has a negative effect on Workplace deviance. As well as, communication satisfaction has a direct effect on Workplace deviance. So, justice sensitivity has a partial mediator role in significant impression of communication satisfaction to Workplace deviance. The findings also indicate the justice sensitivity has a positive effect on OCB. But, communication satisfaction has no a direct effect on OCB. The results of this study yield that justice sensitivity has a full mediator role between communication satisfaction and OCB.

Objective: After the commencement of the Internet and the popularity of various electronic devices, cyberloafing has become prevalent in the Workplace regardless of professional type, demographic characteristics, and country. Individuals use the Internet for work‑, irrelevant purposes during work hours, which is believed to have a controversial role in work productivity. However, rare studies have paid attention to the prevalence of cyberloafing Behavior among Pakistan pharmacists. Considering pharmacists’,essential role in the health sector, this study investigates the prevalence of cyberloafing activities among Workplace pharmacists in Pakistan. Methods: This cross‑, sectional survey was conducted among 242 registered pharmacists in Pakistan between October 2021 and February 2022 with a structured self‑, administered online questionnaire. The final sample consisted of 200 valid responses after screening. Data were processed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. Pearson Chi‑, square analysis was also used to test the correlation between factors. Findings: Descriptive analysis shows that pharmacists spend more time on sharing‑, related activities and least on gambling/ gaming‑, related activities in the Workplace. All the items’,Cronbach’, s alpha values range from 0. 923 to 0. 927. The analysis indicates that (60%) pharmacists have intermediate Internet skills. The results also suggest that age, Internet usage, and work area have a strong relationship with cyberloafing Behaviors which also, in turn, are linked with their perceived Internet skills. This study has important practical implications for pharmacy management in Pakistan. Conclusion: Cyberloafing Behavior is prevalent among Pakistan pharmacists. Our findings could inspire how managers and all other relevant stakeholders could improve the pharmacy system in Pakistan.

As a kind of indefinite punishment, the Discretionary punishment is the most. pervasive reaction to criminality in the Islamic penal policy. The efficacy of the Discretionary punishment depends on how we use it to adjust the foregoing reaction to the guilty personality. Some Shi'a jurisprudents believe that just like Prohibition of the Evil, the Discretionary punishment should be used by observing gradation. That is, it should be started from low grades such as warning, reproaching, etc. in petty offences, and in case the wrong deed is repeated. the more severe punishments such as imprisonment can be used. In other words, if the judge knows that deterrence can be attained through slighter punishments like reproaching, he/she should not issue the whipping, imprisonment. or suchlike severe punishments in the first occurrence of a petty offence. With regard to the extensive reliance on the imprisonment and physical punishments in criminal laws and the widespread use of imprisonment by judges, even for the first-time offenders-which has led to the increased density of convicts' number in prisons - specification of the Discretionary punishments can be of great use. The article explicates the viewpoints of those Islamic jurisprudents who believe in the Discretionary punishment gradation, presents the benefits, positive effects, and challenges facing this kind of punishment, and provides a clear-cut, practical, and effective proposal that can be applied in the penal policy. In addition to the Sunni jurisprudents, some early Shi'a jurisprudents such as Sheikh Tusi (May he reside in God's paradise) and some contemporary ones such as Mirza Javad Agha Tabrizi (May he reside in God's paradise), Fazil Hendi (May he reside in God's paradise) - the author of Kashf al-Letharn-and Allameh Helli (May he reside in God's paradise) are the main adherents of this viewpoint. whose respective opinions will be examined in the article. Acceptance of the Discretionary punishment gradation theory in the penal law can bring about several positive consequences, including reduction of the convict's number in prisons. the possibility of better planning for the fewer remaining prisoners, and the possibility of adopting rehabilitation programs for those who have committed an offence due to ignorance and obliviousness.